class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ #
Seminário — Econometria
] .subtitle[ ##
Modelos GARCH para séries de retorno ] .author[ ### Márcio Roger Piagio – RA:67384
] .date[ ### 28 de abril de 2023 ] --- <head> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/animate.css/4.1.1/animate.min.css" /> </head> <style type="text/css"> .panelset { --panel-tab-foreground: currentColor; --panel-tab-active-foreground: darkslategrey; --panel-tab-hover-foreground: #d22; --panel-tabs-border-bottom: #ddd; --panel-tab-inactive-opacity: 0.3; --panel-tab-font-family: Roboto, Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, Liberation Mono, Lucida Console, monospace;\ } </style> <center><h1 class="animate__animated animate__rubberBand">💸Banco do Brasil 💰.A. (BBAS3.💰.A).💸</h1></center> .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Apresentação] - Frequência diária. - Tempo da série: 4 de janeiro de 2010 até 27 de abril de 2023. - Quatidade de observações: 3336. - Fonte: <https://finance.yahoo.com/> ] .panel[.panel-name[Gráfico da Série] <div class="animate__animated animate__fadeInTopLeft">
</div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Tendência] <div class="animate__animated animate__fadeInBottomRight"> <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> </div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Log-retorno] <div class="animate__animated animate__fadeInTopLeft">
</div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Sobre os retornos] 1) Possuem media condicional igual a zero: E<sub>t-1</sub> [ y<sub>t</sub> ] = 0. 2) Entao: Var<sub>t-1</sub> [ y<sub>t</sub> ] = E<sub>t-1</sub> [ y<sup>2</sup><sub>t</sub> ]. 3) A presença de autocorrelacao em y<sup>2</sup> sugere que a variancia condicional nao constante. 4) Tem curtose > 3 (distribuicao leptocurtica), ou seja, a distribuicao dos retornos apresenta caudas mais pesadas que a distribuicao normal. 5) Movimentos de baixa no mercado financeiro costumam ser mais rapidos que os movimentos de alta, isto reflete nos retornos, tornando-os assimetricos a esquerda (Coeficiente de assimetria < 0). ] ] --- <center><h1 class="animate__animated animate__swing">Verificação dos retornos para modelo GARCH</h1></center> .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Autocorrelações] <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> ] .panel[.panel-name[Variância autocorrelacionada] <div class="animate__animated animate__lightSpeedInRight"> <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> <div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Testes Gráficos] <div class="animate__animated animate__fadeInTopLeft"> <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> </div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Estatísticas dos testes] <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-6alp{background-color:#EFEFEF;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-buwd{background-color:#efefef;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-c26g{background-color:#2f4f4f;border-color:#efefef;color:#ffffff;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-qlrq{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <thead> <tr> <th class="tg-c26g">Teste</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Retornos</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Estatística</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Valor p</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Estacionaridade (KPSS)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">y</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.025469</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.1</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">kurtosis</td> <td class="tg-buwd">y</td> <td class="tg-buwd">10.21437</td> <td class="tg-buwd"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">skewness</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">y</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">-0.2543184</td> <td class="tg-qlrq"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">y</td> <td class="tg-6alp">13.607</td> <td class="tg-6alp">0.1917</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">y</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">23.928</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.2456</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">y<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-buwd">1593.7</td> <td class="tg-buwd"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">y<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-qlrq">2005.6</td> <td class="tg-qlrq"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Normalidade (Jarque Bera)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">y</td> <td class="tg-buwd">8828</td> <td class="tg-buwd"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">y</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.93584</td> <td class="tg-qlrq"><0.001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] ] --- <center><h1 class="animate__animated animate__wobble">GARCH(1,1) com erros normais</h1></center> .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Estimativas] <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-91ky{border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-4f2p{border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-0ve6{background-color:#2f4f4f;border-color:#c0c0c0;color:#ffffff;font-size:26px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <thead> <tr> <th class="tg-0ve6"></th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Estimate</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Std. Error</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">t value </th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Pr(>|t|)</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Sig</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-91ky">Omega</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">1.871x10<sup>-05</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">3.585x10<sup>-06</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">5.220 </td> <td class="tg-4f2p"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-91ky">Alpha<sub>1</sub></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">8.860x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">9.914x10<sup>-03</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">8.937</td> <td class="tg-4f2p"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-91ky">Beta<sub>1</sub></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">8.821x10<sup>-01</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">1.284x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-4f2p">68.714</td> <td class="tg-4f2p"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-91ky" colspan="2">AIC</td> <td class="tg-91ky">BIC</td> <td class="tg-91ky">SIC</td> <td class="tg-91ky" colspan="2">HQIC</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-4f2p" colspan="2">-4.712986</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">-4.707444</td> <td class="tg-4f2p">-4.712987</td> <td class="tg-4f2p" colspan="2">-4.711002</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] .panel[.panel-name[Gráficos dos resíduos] <div class="animate__animated animate__lightSpeedInRight"> <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> </div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Estatísticas dos testes] <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-6alp{background-color:#EFEFEF;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-0cf8{background-color:#FFF;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-buwd{background-color:#efefef;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-c26g{background-color:#2f4f4f;border-color:#efefef;color:#ffffff;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-qlrq{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <thead> <tr> <th class="tg-c26g">Teste</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Residuals</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Estatística</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Valor p</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">ARCH Engle</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">3.518</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.9906465</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-6alp">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-buwd">9.205</td> <td class="tg-buwd">0.513</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0cf8">Ljung-Box Q(15)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">17.01</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.318</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-6alp">18.547</td> <td class="tg-6alp">0.551</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-qlrq">2.423</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.993</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(15)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-buwd">4.304</td> <td class="tg-buwd">0.997</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-0cf8">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-qlrq">5.714</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.991</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Normalidade (Jarque Bera)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-buwd">2084.992</td> <td class="tg-buwd"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.976</td> <td class="tg-qlrq"><0.001</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] .panel[.panel-name[Retornos e Volatilidade]
] ] --- <center><h1 class="animate__animated animate__wobble">Com erros t-student assimetrica padronizada (sstd)</h1></center> .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Estimativas] <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-s1h2{background-color:#efefef;border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-frgn{background-color:#efefef;border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-0ve6{background-color:#2f4f4f;border-color:#c0c0c0;color:#ffffff;font-size:26px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-af71{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-mp7g{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <thead> <tr> <th class="tg-0ve6"></th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Estimate</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Std. Error</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">t value </th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Pr(>|t|)</th> <th class="tg-0ve6">Sig</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-af71">Omega</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">1.876x10<sup>-05</sup></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">4.499x10<sup>-06</sup></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">4.171</td> <td class="tg-mp7g"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-s1h2">Alpha<sub>1</sub></td> <td class="tg-frgn">9.186x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-frgn">1.324x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-frgn">6.939</td> <td class="tg-frgn"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-frgn">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-af71">Beta<sub>1</sub></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">8.783x10<sup>-01</sup></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">1.681x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">52.251</td> <td class="tg-mp7g"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-s1h2">Skew</td> <td class="tg-frgn">1.019</td> <td class="tg-frgn">2.306x10<sup>-02</sup></td> <td class="tg-frgn">44.211</td> <td class="tg-frgn"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-frgn">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-af71">Shape</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">6.450</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">6.940x10<sup>-01</sup></td> <td class="tg-mp7g">9.293</td> <td class="tg-mp7g"><0.001</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">***</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-s1h2" colspan="2">AIC</td> <td class="tg-s1h2">BIC</td> <td class="tg-s1h2">SIC</td> <td class="tg-s1h2" colspan="2">HQIC</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-mp7g" colspan="2">-4.771243</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">-4.762007</td> <td class="tg-mp7g">-4.771247</td> <td class="tg-mp7g" colspan="2">-4.767937</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] .panel[.panel-name[Gráficos dos resíduos] <div class="animate__animated animate__lightSpeedInRight"> <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> </div> ] .panel[.panel-name[Estatísticas dos testes] <style type="text/css"> .tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;} .tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;} .tg .tg-6alp{background-color:#EFEFEF;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-0cf8{background-color:#FFF;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-buwd{background-color:#efefef;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-c26g{background-color:#2f4f4f;border-color:#efefef;color:#ffffff;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center; vertical-align:top} .tg .tg-qlrq{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#efefef;font-size:16px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top} </style> <table class="tg"> <thead> <tr> <th class="tg-c26g">Teste</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Residuals</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Estatística</th> <th class="tg-c26g">Valor p</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">ARCH Engle</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">3.570</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.990</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-6alp">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-buwd">9.291</td> <td class="tg-buwd">0.505</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-0cf8">Ljung-Box Q(15)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">17.09</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.313</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-6alp">18.653</td> <td class="tg-6alp">0.544</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(10)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-qlrq">2.353</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.993</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Ljung-Box Q(15)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-buwd">4.376</td> <td class="tg-buwd">0.996</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Ljung-Box Q(20)</td> <td class="tg-0cf8">R<sup>2</sup></td> <td class="tg-qlrq">5.798</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.999</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-buwd">Normalidade (Jarque Bera)</td> <td class="tg-buwd">R</td> <td class="tg-buwd">2087.838</td> <td class="tg-buwd"><0.001</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="tg-qlrq">Aderência (Kolmogorov-Smirnov)</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">R</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.0177</td> <td class="tg-qlrq">0.252</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ] .panel[.panel-name[Retornos e Volatilidade]
] ] --- <center><h1 class="animate__animated animate__wobble">Comparando os Modelos </h1></center> .panelset[ .panel[.panel-name[Previsão da volatilidade] <img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-20-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto 0 auto auto;" /> ] .panel[.panel-name[Taxa de cobertura] * 0.04267 de taxa de cobertura para o modelo GARCH(1,1) com a componente de erro Normal * 0.04843 de taxa de cobertura para o modelo GARCH(1,1) com a componente de erro SSTD ] .panel[.panel-name[VaR - Value at Risk] * A ideia básica do VaR é responder a seguinte pergunta: Em condições normais do mercado, qual a perda máxima esperada dentro de um horizonte de tempo e de uma probabilidade? <center><h3 class="animate__animated animate__wobble">VaR(95%) para 1 semana e 1 mês via modelo GARCH(1,1) com erros N(0,1).</h3></center> * Com 95% de probabilidade, a perda máxima esperada para um semana é de 6,92% do capital investido * Com 95% de probabilidade, a perda máxima esperada para um mês é de 15,7% do capital investido <center><h3 class="animate__animated animate__wobble">VaR(95%) para 1 semana e 1 mês via modelo GARCH(1,1) com erros (SSTD).</h3></center> * Com 95% de probabilidade, a perda máxima esperada para um semana é de 6,76% do capital investido * Com 95% de probabilidade, a perda máxima esperada para um mês é de 15,3% do capital investido ] .panel[.panel-name[.] ```r ## perda máxima esperada para um mês de R$ 1.000.000,00 N(0,1) (Vn <- 100000*0.1569757) ## [1] 15697.57 ## perda máxima esperada para um mês de R$ 1.000.000,00 (SSTD) (Vt <- 100000*0.1533397) ## [1] 15333.97 ## Diferencia Vn - Vt ## [1] 363.6 ``` ] ]